Primary geography research
According to Catling (2013) research into younger children’s geographical learning is limited. Whilst there have been some investigations into primary children’s geographies and young children’s map understanding and development, there remains significant gaps within primary geography research.
There is a need for more rigorous and systematic research, yet this is hampered by lack of funding. As Catling (2013: 178) acknowledges ‘too many intentions and expectations for primary geography’ are ‘based on hope, not evidence.’
Gaps in primary geography education research and future possibilities
The following gaps have been identified as areas for further study: children’s geographies, children’s geographical learning, teaching geography to younger children, the geography curriculum for younger children and the policy and historical contexts of younger children’s geographical education. Primary geography education offers opportunities for previous studies to be revisited in the light of contemporary contexts and for new investigations to be undertaken to offer teachers a richer, more informed evidence base from which to develop classroom practice.
To read more: Catling, S. (2013) The need to develop research into primary children’s and schools’ geography. International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education, 22, (3),177-182.
Aspiring to high-quality primary geography
Professor Simon Catling, Chair of the GA’s EYPPC PGQM Study Team, and five members of the GA’s Early Years and Primary Phase Committee (EYPPC) studied the moderator feedback reports to schools that have achieved the GA’s Primary Geography Quality Mark (PGQM). They have shared their findings in Aspiring to High-Quality Primary Geography.
This significant report provides an insightful and well-grounded account of the importance of leadership across a school for developing stimulating and high-quality primary geography. The school’s leadership team, the geography leader, its class teachers and the pupils all play essential roles and make key contributions to the status of and policies for geography, its management and resourcing and the teaching and learning of geography.
The report has been written to encourage, support and evidence ways to improve and develop geography in early years and primary schools. Acting on its clear advice will improve your primary geography. Entering for the GA’s PGQM award is an invaluable way to take your school’s geography forward, for the evident benefit for all in the school.
Key sources of Geographical Education Research for primary geography
- The main bank of research can be found at the Register of Research in Primary Geography (RRPG) which contains a database of action and investigative research. This was coordinated and compiled by Rachel Bowles. The RRPG led to the publication of numerous research articles through a series of Occasional Papers. It is for collaborative use by primary teachers, teacher trainers and others.
- Council for Learning Outside the Classroom has a large body of research
- Research from Lego Foundation on play, curiosity and the value of experiential learning
- National Association Environmental Education Journal
- Primary Geography Journal – research informed articles, practice- based research
- International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education
- Children’s Geographies journal
- Environmental Education Research journal
- Education 3- 13 particularly the Geography in Primary Education edition by Simon Catling volume 41 issue 4.
- Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning
Key research articles
Many of the items are still relevant as key pieces of research in the absence of any more recent primary geography research. These remain key research in the field of primary geography.
- Liben, L.S., Myers, L.J., & Kastens, . A. (2008). Locating oneself on a map in relation to person qualities and map characteristics. In C. Freska, N. Newcombe, P. Gardenfors, & C. Hoelscher (eds.), Spatial cognition VI: Learning, reasoning, and talking about space. 171-187.
- Lumber, R. Richardson, M. Sheffield. D. (2017) Beyond knowing nature: Contact, emotion, compassion, meaning, and beauty are pathways to nature connection.
- Usher, J. Dolan, A. (2021) Covid-19: teaching primary geography in an authentic context related to the lived experiences of learners. Irish Educational Studies, DOI: 10.1080/03323315.2021.1916555
- Barratt Hacking, E., Barratt, R., & Scott, W. (2007). Engaging children: Research issues around participation and environmental learning. Environmental Education Research, 13(4), 529–544.
- Bennetts, T. (2005). Progression in Geographical Understanding. International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education, 14(2), 112–132.
- Catling, S. (2006). What do five-year-olds know of the world? Geographical understanding and play in young children’s early learning. Geography, 91(1), 55–74.
- Catling, S. (2014). Giving younger children voice in primary geography: Empowering pedagogy – a personal perspective. International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education, 23(4), 350–372.
- Collins, L. (2018). The impact of paper versus digital map technology on students’ spatial thinking skill acquisition. Journal of Geography, 117(4), 137–152.
- Harwood, D. & Rawlings, K (2001) Assessing Young Children’s Freehand Sketch Maps of the World. International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education. 10(1), 20-45.
- Kelly, A. (2005) Exploring Children’s Geographies at Key Stage Two. International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education, 14, (4), 342-347
- Kyttä, M., Oliver, M., Ikeda, E., Ahmadi, E., Omiya, I., & Laatikainen, T. (2018). Children as urbanites: Mapping the affordances and behavior settings of urban environments for Finnish and Japanese children. Children’s Geographies, 16(3), 19–332.
- Mackintosh, M. (2005) Children’s Understanding of rivers. International Research in Geographical & Environmental Education. 14, (4), 316-322.
- Martin, F. (1999). Contrasting views on locality between child and adult. International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education, 8(1), 78–81.
- Martin, F. (2005). Ethnogeography: A future for primary geography and primary geography research? International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education, 14(4), 364–371.
- Martin, F. (2008). Knowledge bases for effective teaching: Beginning teachers’ development as teachers of primary geography. International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education, 17(1), 13–39.
- Nundy, S. (1999). The fieldwork effect: The role and impact of fieldwork in the upper primary school. International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education, 8(2), 190–198.
- Picton, O. (2008) Teaching and Learning About Distant Places: Conceptualising Diversity. International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education. 17(3) ,227-249.
- Pike, S. (2011). “If you went out it would stick”: Irish children’s learning in their local environments. International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education, 20(2), 139–159.
- Pike, S., & Clough, P. (2005). Children’s voices on learning about countries in geography. International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education, 14(4), 356–363.
- Scoffham, S. (2011) Hoping for the best, Primary Geography, Summer, 28-29
- Scoffham,S. (2019) The world in their heads: children’s ideas about other nations, peoples and cultures. International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education, 28(2), 89-102.
- Till, E. (2020) Fused identities: an exploration of primary teachers’ geographical identities. International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education, 29 (1), 74-88.
- Wiegand, P. (1998) Children’s Free Recall Sketch Maps of the World on a Spherical Surface. International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education. 7 (1), 67-83.
- Brunyé, T. T, Smith, A. M. Hendel, D. Gardony, A. L. Martis S.B. Taylor, H. A. (2020) Retrieval practice enhances near but not far transfer of spatial memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 46 (1) 24 – 46.
- Collins, L. (2018). The impact of paper versus digital map technology on students’ spatial thinking skill acquisition. Journal of Geography, 117(4), 137–152.
- Hemmer, I., Hemmer, M., Neidhardt, E., Obermaier, G, Rainer, U. and Wrenger, K. (2015) The influence of children’s prior knowledge and previous experience on their spatial orientation skills in an urban environment. Education 3-13. 43 (2)184-196.
- Pike, S. (2006). Irish primary school children’s definitions of ‘geography’. Irish Educational Studies, 25(1), 75–91.
- Renshaw, R. L., and Zimmerman, G. (2008) Using a Tactile Map With a 5- Year – Old Child in a Large-Scale Outdoor Environment. Rehabilitation and Education for Blindness and Visual Impairment, 39 (3).
- Tunstall, S., Tapsell, S., & House, M. (2004). Children’s perceptions of river landscapes and play: What children’s photographs reveal. Landscape Research, 29(2), 181–204.
- Winkler-Rhoades, N. Carey, S. and Spelke, E. (2013) Two-year-old children interpret abstract, purely geometric maps. Developmental Science, 16 (3), 365–376.
Other useful articles published for general reading
- Major, B. (2011) Geography as journey and homecoming, Geography, 90(1), 39-43.
- Eaude, T. & Catling, S. (2019) The role of the humanities in a balanced and broadly-based primary curriculum. Impact
- Willy, T. & Catling, S. (2018) Geography at the heart of the primary curriculum. Impact
If you have any suggestions, comments or notice any errors or omissions on this page please email info@geography.org.uk.